Getting Started

Cabinets in the bathroom mostly refer to tall linen cabinets or wall-mounted medicine cabinets. Base cabinets in the bathroom are called vanities. Used for mounting sinks and faucets, or for sitting to prepare hair and make-up, some of the designs now look like furniture, rather than the box type of the late 20th Century. Plumbing locations for the sinks, tubs and toilets will affect the size and location of the vanity. If the plumbing is moved to accommodate faucets or drains, the price of the project will increase. Electrical outlets for hair dryers, etc. must be GFCI (Ground Fault Circuit Interrupter) types due to water in the bathroom. This safety measure must not be overlooked.Type of bathroom— is this a family use room, a powder room used infrequently by visitors, or master bathroom with a spa-like feel?  Vanity size will depend upon storage space needed ,Style of the home — the bathroom vanity/cabinets will blend with the ambiance of the surrounding rooms. Size of the room and doorways must be considered for installing larger furniture-type vanities. The height of the cabinet is important for choosing sinks, such as recessed or vessel sinks that will add to the overall height and affect installation of the faucet.  The total height of the unit, with vessel sink, should not exceed 36-inches. The height of sinks should be 32-inches to 36-inches off the floor. Standard height vanities were designed to be 32-inches high and to accommodate a family with children who would need to reach the sink. Comfort height cabinets are 36-inches high for ease of use by adults.

Types

Cabinet base-types were used for vanities for decades. The depth of the cabinet can be 17-inches or 24-inches. Heights are 32-inches or up to 36-inches with widths from 12-inches out to 60-inches. Cabinet base style vanities offer drawers, and closed shelves for storage.

Furniture vanities are the most popular types at this time and come in many styles for design purposes. Usually designed as stand-alone or freestanding units, but not always. Furniture vanities may be found with integral sinks, or be fitted for recessed and vessel sinks. Realize the top drawer of a furniture vanity will not be usable for storage since the sink and plumbing will close off the drawer area.

Styles

Freestanding units, such as many furniture type vanities, are easy to position in a room around plumbing, electrical and heating. They come in a wide variety of architectural styles and colors to work in any type of bathroom.

Built-in vanities require attention to detail for size of room, plumbing, heating and electrical.  They also are created in many designs and colors for creating a functional yet beautiful bathroom.

Wall-mounted cabinets are used for vanities in accessible bathrooms and powder rooms where space is a consideration and storage is not the main issue.

Materials

Like kitchen cabinets, bathroom vanities are constructed of a variety of materials.

Glass: Clear or tinted glass can be molded, cut and formed into contemporary styles of vanities as well as countertops and sinks.

Metal: A variety of metals are used to create contemporary and antique styles of pedestals for sinks.

Wood: Solid wood is rarely used in the bathroom unless in furniture style units. Engineered wood products like particleboard, MDF and plywood are used as the vanity box or base with a laminate surface imitating wood or wood veneer surface.

Price Considerations

The size of the vanity is the biggest contributor to the price. Styling is also a large consideration.

Specialty materials such as glass fronts in the doors, metal work for decoration also impact upon the price.

Countertops and integral sinks can add to the cost of the unit when comparing vanities — but realize if they are not part of the package, the price of the sink and countertop must be added to the budget.

Plumbing and/or electrical — if they are needed to install GFCI boxes or to relocate pipes for faucets and drains — increase the cost of the project. Try to purchase vanities that fit the faucets and drains where pipes are originally located.

Getting Started

A comprehensive guide on what you need to know before choosing the right bathroom countertops and surfaces.

Vanities and cabinetry in bathrooms require surfaces that will stand up to moisture and solutions used by homeowners for their personal hygiene and beauty regime. Also, the surfaces will enhance to the aesthetic of the room’s design.

What to Consider

How many people will use the bathroom? If this is a family bathroom, then the countertops will receive heavy usage for hygiene products and appliances such as hair dryers, etc. If this is a master bathroom with a spa-like atmosphere, fewer people will be piling products onto the surfaces.

When purchasing vanities for the bathrooms, consider if the countertop is already integral to the cabinet.

Depending upon the surface chosen, sinks can be molded into the countertop instead of installed separately.

What is the budget for the bathroom? Countertops can be created from natural stones that will be expensive, or even man-made products that can be costly, or from practical products that will stand up to wear and tear. Professional installation may be required.

Materials

Laminate has been used for generations on bathroom countertops because of its durability, affordability and ease of maintenance. Colors and designs increase with trends. The construction of the laminate product will determine its ability to stand up to heat, scratches, and stains. Nonporous, it is water resistant and does not need maintenance other than cleaning.

Solid Surface materials are a mixture of natural minerals with resins, providing a range of colors and styles. Care should be taken when using heat or acidic products. Solid surface materials are nonporous and durable in a moisture setting. These may be known by brand names such as Corian® or Ceasarstone®, or Cultured Marble, Cultured Granite, which then identifies the mineral used in the composition. Easy to clean, these products require little maintenance and can be repaired if necessary.

Quartz is a man-made material of crushed quartz stone mixed in a resin. Created in a variety of colors and designs, quartz countertops can look like stone without the need for sealing and maintenance. Quartz is nonporous and easy to maintain and clean. Quartz can be heavy and may require additional support if the countertop is large.

Granite is a natural stone with warm colors that may contain veins. If more than one piece is needed, the veins will not match up in the design. Granite will be sealed and will require resealing to maintain its stain and water resistance. Heavy, granite will require professional installation.

Marble is a natural stone often used for vanity tops. White is the most popular color but marble will contain veins that will not match during installation. If short run pieces are needed, this is not a problem. As a soft stone, marble will require sealing and resealing to provide moisture and stain resistance. Marble provides a warm, generous feeling to the bathroom countertop and will require professional installation.

Soapstone is a natural stone that is ideally suited for use in the bathroom. Nonporous, it will not require sealing, but it is softer so scratches or nicks will show if not sanded out. Soapstone is available in a range of colors and patterns; professional installation will be required.

Cost Considerations

Material chosen will be the largest impact on the budget as it will change from laminate to natural stone.

    •  Laminate is the least expensive of the materials choices and does not require maintenance.

    •  Solid Surfaces can be as expensive as natural stones, such as granite. Manufacturers priced them to compete with stone because the nonporous nature eliminates the sealing and maintenance.

    •  Quartz competes with granite in costs, but does not require sealing or maintenance.

    •  Granite not only requires sealing, but professional installation

    •  Marble is highly sought after and will need sealing and maintenance.

Length of the countertop is then the next largest consideration.

Installation, if requiring a professional, should be factored into the budget.

Maintenance also is a consideration as the natural stones will need resealing periodically depending upon the usage. If in a family bathroom, more frequent sealing will be necessary.

Getting Started

Countertops are one of the major investments in the kitchen. These surfaces will receive abuse from food preparation, cooking, entertaining, and even eating. Plus, they are one of the most visible features of the kitchen and will enhance the ambiance of the room.

What to Consider

What type of activities will be done on the surface? Food preparation, hot pots from the stove or oven placed on top? Will seating be included and food served or beverages during entertaining. The amount and type of liquids and solids to be dealt with on the surface will have an impact upon which surfaces should be chosen in which area of the kitchen. Island surfaces with cooktops or sinks may be different from island surfaces for seating and enjoying the food prepared.

Depending upon the surface chosen, sinks can be molded into the countertop instead of installed separately. Drains may be carved into the material or chopping blocks fitted within.

Edge Styles will change the look of the countertop. Depending upon the material chosen, a variety of edge styles are available. Consider the cabinetry design and style of the kitchen when choosing the edge.

What is the budget for the kitchen? Countertops can be created from natural stones that will be expensive, or even man-made products that can be costly, or from practical products that will stand up to wear and tear.

Professional installation will be required for several materials.  A template will be made mapping out the area, noting the spaces for cooktops and sinks. The template is the pattern the fabricator or stonecutter will use to create the countertop. This step adds to the time needed to install the countertop.

Reinforcement of floor supports may be needed for some natural stones if used extensively throughout the kitchen.

Materials

Laminate has been used for generations on bathroom countertops because of its durability, affordability and ease of maintenance. Colors and designs increase with trends. The construction of the laminate product will determine its ability to stand up to heat, scratches, and stains. Nonporous, it is water resistant and does not need maintenance other than cleaning.

Solid Surface materials are a mixture of natural minerals with resins, providing a range of colors and styles. Care should be taken when using heat or acidic products. Solid surface materials are nonporous and durable in a moisture setting. These may be known by brand names such as Corian®, Silestone® or Ceasarstone®. Easy to clean, these products require little maintenance and can be repaired if necessary.

Quartz is a man-made material of crushed quartz stone mixed in a resin. Created in a variety of colors and designs, quartz countertops can look like stone without the need for sealing and maintenance. Quartz is nonporous and easy to maintain and clean. Quartz can be heavy and may require additional support if the countertop is large.

Granite is a natural stone with warm colors that may contain veins. If more than one piece is needed, the veins will not match up in the design. Granite will be sealed and will require resealing to maintain its stain and water resistance. Heavy, granite may require additional structural support if used in large pieces and will require professional installation.

Marble and Travertine are natural stones often used for countertops. White is the most popular color but marble will contain veins that will not match during installation. If short run pieces are needed, this is not a problem. As a soft stone, marble will require sealing and resealing to provide moisture and stain resistance. Marble provides a warm, generous feeling to the kitchen countertop and will require professional installation.

Soapstone is a natural stone that that comes in shades of gray to black and is often used for kitchen countertops. Nonporous, it will not require sealing, but it is softer so scratches or nicks will show if not sanded out. Due to its softer nature, Soapstone can be carved with water draining channels around a sink, or cut to allow a chopping block to be set into the countertop. Soapstone is available in a range of colors and patterns; professional installation will be required.

Wood block countertops work well on islands used for food preparation. Maple, Red Oak, or Cherry are the most frequently used woods. Created with end grain strips or planks. Zebrawood is an African hardwood with a dark grain for adding drama to the kitchen. Even bamboo, when cut with end grain showing, offers an interesting design for butcherblock counters.

Stainless Steel is nonporous and resistant to all types of liquid spills, stains, and bacteria. Heat resistant, hot pots can be placed directly upon the surface. When it comes to scratches, stainless steel is not immune, but consistent use will provide a patina on the shiny surface and scratches become part of the allure. Dents can be a problem if the surface is not installed properly; a professional will fit the steel tightly to a wood substrate, which will reduce any visual dents. Stainless steel is bright and shiny, offering a particular attraction for some homeowners.

Concrete can be poured into any shaped mold and tinted with a wide variety of colors to produce countertops. Poured in place, the finished product has a unique look as it is finished smooth or with textured surfaces.

Tiles of Ceramic or Porcelain may be laid into a form to create a countertop. Once frequently used, tile countertops are not popular at this time due to the grout lines trapping liquids, stains, and bacteria.  Tiles can chip and crack if pots are dropped on them; tiles are not easily replaced in this setting. While tiles can create an interesting surface, consider hygiene when making this choice.

Cost Considerations

Material costs are the greatest portion of the budget.

    •  Laminate is priced by the square foot, plus the cost of the backsplash if using the same countertop material will be priced by the linear foot is the least expensive of the solid material options. Prices are about half of the other materials.   

    •  Quartz is comparable Granite and is the top of the line of manufactured surfaces

    •  Granite is an affordable stone for countertops and surfaces and is comparable in costs to Quartz and Soapstone.

    •  Soapstone is comparable in price to Quartz and Granite.

    •  Marble and Travertine are beautiful stones and that is reflected in the price. Within the Marble and Travertine family, prices can range due to where the stone comes from.

    •  Wood block will be priced based in the size and type of wood used. More affordable than stone or Quartz or Solid Surfacing.

    •  Stainless steel can be compared to Quartz, Granite or Soapstone, depending on the gauge of the steel. The lower the gauge, the thicker the metal; Residential use gauge should be between 16 and 18; 14 gauge is used in commercial kitchens. Prices are based on the thickness of the metal and the finish.

    •  Concrete costs will be based on pouring in place or cast and shipped. Concrete countertops will be more expensive than most materials, other than the Marble family.

    •  Tiles of Ceramic or Porcelain are the least expensive and are based on the cost of each tile.    •  Solid Surface will range in price depending upon the manufacturer and the quality of the products used to create the material.
 

Edge styles will change the cost of the countertop with more intricate designs demanding an upcharge.

Maintenance costs will add to the budget over the lifetime of the surface. Natural stones must be sealed and resealed in the kitchen. Constant use will reduce the stone’s ability to resist water or stains. Drip water onto the surface; if it beads, the seal is still good. If the bead spreads out over the surface, it is time to reseal.

Installation costs must be considered. Laminate, Quartz and Solid Surfacing is less expensive to install while natural stones and concrete will be more expensive due to time and weight.•  Weight of the material may necessitate structural supports and must be considered when choosing the countertop.

Getting Started

Functional, the bathroom sink may be an afterthought unless it is part of the aesthetic of the room. Bathroom sinks will receive a lot of usage and should be well thought out in the design    

Materials

Porcelain is a white clay baked at high temperatures to create a strong and hard material. Less dense and less porous due to the nature of the clay and manufacturing process, porcelain produces an elegant material.

Vitreous China sinks are created from porcelain clay and coated with enamel made from powdered glass that is baked at high temperatures to produce a non-porous, high gloss, stain-resistant surface. Better at withstanding stains and spills, the surface is also more sanitary as the enamel is non-porous.

Fireclay sinks are produced from a unique clay that is baked and then glazed at high temperatures to create a new, fused material. Fireclay is non-porous and resistant to acids as well as alkali; strong and durable, it resists scratches and dings. Only available in white, but the styles should fit any design. Fireclay sinks will last a long time.

Cast iron sinks are manufactured from an iron alloy that is glazed to produce an easy-to-clean surface. Available in a variety of colors and finishes, including high gloss, cast iron resists stains and fading. Cast iron is heavy and may require additional structural support. If the enamel surface chips, and the iron underneath exposed, the iron may rust.

Glass sinks are created from tempered glass that is treated to increase its strength and durability. Non-porous, the glass is easy to clean but has been found to shatter if a pointed heavy object is dropped into it. Glass sinks are produced in a variety of colors and shapes, most frequently installed as vessel sinks.

Metal sinks add beauty to the bathroom, but will require regular cleaning to eliminate water spots.

    •  Stainless steel bathroom sinks resist stains and are easy to clean.

    •  Copper sinks demand special cleaning products to maintain the beauty of the surface. Most frequently created as vessel sinks.

    •  Brass sinks, also most often used as vessel sinks, offer a bright surface that will require regular cleaning to protect the color and maintain its beauty.

Solid Surface bathroom sinks are manufactured from the countertop materials used on the vanity. May be integral to the counter, or installed as undermount, the sinks are easy to clean, non-porous so they resist stains, mold and mildew, but acids such as nail polish remover may damage the surface. Colors, sizes and styles abound, which can match the countertop or contrast to produce the desired aesthetic.

Natural Stones can be carved and molded into bathroom sinks.

    •  Quartz is a man-made material of crushed quartz stone mixed in a resin. Created in a variety of colors and designs, quartz sinks can look like stone without the need for sealing and maintenance. Quartz is nonporous and easy to maintain and clean. Quartz can be heavy and may require additional support.

    •  Granite is a natural stone with warm colors that may contain veins. Granite will be sealed and will require resealing to maintain its stain and water resistance. Heavy, granite will require professional installation.

    •  Marble is a natural stone often used for sinks. White is the most popular color. As a soft stone, marble will require sealing and resealing to provide moisture and stain resistance. Marble provides a warm, generous feeling to the bathroom and may require professional installation.

    •  Soapstone is a natural stone that is ideally suited for use in the bathroom. Nonporous, it will not require sealing, but it is softer so scratches or nicks will show if not sanded out. Soapstone is available in a range of colors and patterns; professional installation may be required.

Types

Drop In sinks sit upon the countertop. Self-rimmed, these are the easiest to install and to replace without damaging the countertop material. Available in a wide variety of materials, sizes, and styles to enhance any bathroom design.

Undermount sinks are installed under the countertop material, which is cut to the size of the sink. Undermounts make the counter easy to maintain as any debris can be swiped into the sink.

Pedestal sinks are freestanding units so they take up less space in the bathroom. Excellent for powder rooms, as the sink sits upon a column, usually of the same material, that is easy to clean and maintain.

Vessels mimic the earlier bowls and pitchers. Since they sit upon the countertop, the height of the vessel sink should be considered as it relates to the vanity and faucets. Vessel sinks are available in a wide ranges of materials, colors, shapes and styles.

Console sinks are mounted into a stand of 2 legs or 4 legs. Utilitarian looking, the water and drain pipes are exposed under the stand. Consider the faucet material when choosing this design so the faucet complements the exposed pipes.

Wall-mount sinks are hung on the wall to provide more floor space in the room. Pipes will be exposed, or can be concealed with a separate kit. Accessories such as towel bars can be purchased.

Vanity Top Sinks are manufactured integral with the countertop. Created from the same material as the counter, these sinks are installed onto the vanity. Allow at least 1-inch overhang when sizing the unit.

Cost Considerations

Material: Bathroom sinks are available in a range of prices.

    •  Porcelain, Vitreous China and Cast Iron sinks are prevalent and available in a range of sizes and styles to fit any budget.

    •  Fireclay sinks usually will cost more than porcelain or cast iron due to the manufacturing process and the life expectancy of fireclay.

    •  Glass sinks are among the affordable, or can be among the most expensive, depending upon the manufacturer and style.

    •  Metals range from affordable in stainless steel to several thousand dollars for brass and copper.

    •  Solid surface sinks also will range in price depending upon the manufacturer and the size, but they are less expensive than copper or brass and stone.

    •  Natural stone sinks are among the more expensive options due to the product, the production process and installation.

Type and Size: The larger the sink, the more it will cost.

    •  Drop In sinks are the more affordable options and easiest to install, but as the size of the sink increases, so does the price.

    •  Undermount sinks usually cost more than drop ins and again the size will have an impact on the price.

    •  Vessel sinks are available in a vast array of materials, sizes, styles and price tags. Affordable options may suit the space and room style, or several thousand dollars can be spent on extremely decorative ones.

    •  Pedestal sinks are costly as the material for the column is included in the price of the sink.

    •  Console sinks can be affordable, but the structure upon which the sink sits will increase the cost of the unit.

    •  Wall mount sinks vary in cost as the size increases and the style varies, but simple units are affordable.

    •  Vanity tops will actually save in the budget as the sink does not have to be purchased separately from the countertop.

Maintenance: Stone and metal sinks will require sealing or regular maintenance, which should be considered in the price. Other materials will maintain their beauty with a simple cleaning or wiping at the end of use. Time is a factor as well as the price.

Installation: Drop-Ins, Pedestal and Console sinks plus some Vessels can be installed by a handy homeowner, if the drains or water pipes do not need to be moved. Natural stones may require extra support since the stone is heavy.

Faucets: If the sink requires faucets installed in the unit, a new faucet set will cost extra.

Getting Started

Functional, faucets also are designed to enhance the beauty of the bathroom. Available in many styles, types and finishes, bathroom faucets will deliver fresh water into the sink for decades with a minimum of maintenance. Faucets sold in the United States are regulated for water flow rate and lead content.

What to Consider

Lifestyle: If this is a family bathroom and several generations of the family will be using the faucets and sink, consider the ages and height of the family members. Wall units are interesting, but may not be reached by the very young or the older generation. If the individuals using the faucets are older, install an ADA appropriate type of handle, such as a lever or touch-activated faucet.

Space: Counter space often is a premium. Several space saving options are available, such as wall-mounted faucets. Shelving or a medicine cabinet over the sink may limit the height of the faucet to be used.  If installing a faucet in an existing sink, note the number of holes and their configuration for purchasing a faucet set that will fit. A deck plate may be available to cover extra holes if a change is made — but check to make sure it will work.

Finishes: Coordinating the sink faucet with tub or shower sets is recommended. A variety of faucet finishes are available, and may not be the exact color from manufacturer to manufacturer, but unless directly next to each other, the slight differences should not be obvious.

Style: The architectural style of the bathroom will have an impact on the faucet design. One and two handle types are available in contemporary to traditional to colonial styles.

Types

Single Handle faucets are often found in commercial settings but also work well on a sink fitted into a tight space. The handle is set on the spout and twists side to side from hot to cold. If the sink has more than one hole, but this type of faucet is desired, look for one with an optional deck plate to cover the other hole(s).

Two Handle Faucets are designed for using each handle to moderate the hot and cold water from the faucet

    •  4-Inch Centerset faucets are mounted on a deck plate and are designed for sinks with three predrilled holes 4-inches apart.   

    •  4-Inch Minispread faucets are installed on the same type of sink, three predrilled holes 4-inches apart, but consists of three separate pieces, not mounted on a deck plate.

    •  8-Inch Widespread faucets are created for sinks with three predrilled holes 8-inches apart. No deck plate is involved.

Vessel Filler Faucets  are single hole units designed with a taller spout to provide water into a vessel sink that is mounted onto the counter, not under the counter, as most sinks are installed. Measure the height of the vessel sink to ascertain the minimum height of the vessel faucet.

Wall-Mounted Faucets are installed on the wall above the sink, not through the counter or the sink. The pipes supplying the water must be run through the wall higher than the sink and not underneath the vanity. When deciding on a spout, make sure it is long enough to reach over the sink for the water to run into the drain.

Handle Styles

Lever handles are the most popular style as they are easy to use for children and for older adults. Available in single hole or three hole configurations.

Cross handles look like a cross with the spout in the center. Not as easy for children or people with disabilities to use. Mounted usually in a three-hold configuration.

Knob handles are created with an acrylic or metal knob that may be slotted or grooved for easy turning.  Most often designed for a three-hole sink, but may come for use in a single-hole set up.

Single handle faucets will contain one handle often connected to the spout, but may be designed with the single handle through a second sink hole next to the spout. The handle turns to control the hot and cold water. Easy to use for children and older adults.

Motion or Touch Activated faucets are available on a few bathroom faucet sets and are pre-set for the water temperature. Activated by touching the spout or waving the hands underneath the spout, which provides a germ-free environment. An electrical hook-up is necessary to operate these.

Construction and Maintenance

Valves: The operational portion of the faucet, stopping water flow.

    •  Compression valves employ a rubber washer to control the water flow. These washers are easy to replace.

    •  Ball valves use a ball to control the water flow on single handle faucets. Be careful that the ball is metal, such as stainless steel, as plastic balls will require replacing. The stainless ball is guaranteed for life and, if that guarantee is included with the faucet, the manufacturer will replace the metal ball for free should a problem arise.

    •  Cartridge valves will last a long time, and the seals, which last from five to 10 years, are replaceable easily by a homeowner.

    •  Ceramic disk valves should last 20 years to 50 years — the disks rub against each other to control the water flow. Ceramic technology is such that these rarely malfunction.

Faucet Body: Brass is the traditional material for creating faucets and with its copper content, it is mold and mildew resistant. Other metals and plastic may be used, but these are rather inexpensive units and may not have the same life expectancy, requiring replacement.

Finishes: Bathroom faucets are available in a wide array of finishes from brass, bronze, chrome, nickel to copper and even gold. These finishes may be polished to a high gloss or brushed to hide fingerprints and water spots, or even antiqued. Finishes are sprayed on and then baked at high temperatures to reduce flaking  and scratches.

Accessories

Decorative handles are available for specific faucets to complement the room design.

LED lights can be installed on the spout. The lights are activated when the water flows.

Pop-Up Drains can match the faucet finish.

WaterSense® is an EPA promoted program to produce faucets, and other water consuming products, that use less water.

Towel bars, robe hooks, toilet paper rolls that match the faucet design are available from several manufacturers on specific designs.

Cost Considerations

Type: Touch activated and motion sense faucets are more expensive and will require the expense of an electrical hook-up.  

Construction: All brass bodies are more expensive than other metals and plastic.

Finishes: Depending upon the finish, a higher cost is demanded.

Brands: Various brands have earned reputations in the industry and their products are perceived as higher quality, thereby garnering a higher price.

Maintenance: Lowest cost products will be need replacing and maintenance more frequently than moderately priced products. If the budget only permits the lowest priced product, just note that maintenance will be an issue.

Installation: Some building codes will require a licensed plumber perform installations, depending upon the product and the complexity of the installation.

Getting Started

Showers can be simple hygiene occurrences, or spa-like experiences produced by the design of the showerheads and faucets.  A complex system can produce a simple shower when needed, and then an enhanced “event” when desired. Designing the shower system will take some forethought and planning.

What to Consider

Lifestyle: In a shower area used by children or even older adults, a simple showerhead installed 78-inches high at a 45-degree angle with an “easy-to-use” faucet may be appropriate. When a Spa-Like Shower System is desired, several issues must be reviewed:

Are water pipes large enough to deliver the amount of water required to operate the system? Older homes have ½-inch valve that may provide up to 10- gallons of water per minute (gpm). Faucets will need 2.5 gpm and can handle a typical showerhead with a handheld; spa systems with body sprays, showerhead, and a handheld may require up to 15 gpm and ¾-inch valves. A ½-inch pipe with a ¾-inch valve will only produce the amount of water the pipe delivers.

    •  Is the water delivery system — well or municipal — able to produce the amount of water needed for the system?

    •  How large is the water heater? Can it supply enough hot water?

Shower Size: A single stall or two-person unit or an open room — the size will determine what can and what cannot be used safely.

New construction or Renovation: If fitting the new faucet and shower to an existing tiled wall, the number of holes will determine what should be purchased. If a total renovation or a new room is under construction, the options offered will be wider.

Building Codes: Check with the municipality to determine if a licensed plumber must be hired to perform the installation. Also, if new pipes are included, a municipal inspection may be required.

Budget: The cost of the showerheads and the faucets are one factor; in a custom shower, the amount of water and operation of the hot water heater will increase the cost of using the Spa unit. The inclusion of a plumber will add into the budget.

Shower Faucets

Available in a variety of architectural styles and materials from polished chrome and brushed nickel to antique brass, the shower set should complement or match the tub and sink sets. For showers in tubs, manufacturers produce complete sets to match the tub filler faucet, handles, shower head and diverters.

Single Handle — The most popular design because it allows the user to balance the volume of water and temperature easily and quickly.

Two Handle— While traditional in design, they require additional effort in adjusting the water temperature. When replacing a two-handle set, a two-handle design will accommodate the original layout.

Handles should match the showerhead and the faucets used throughout the bathroom.

Shower Valves

Valves are the hidden part of the faucet and they control the water emanating from the faucet or the showerhead. Today, by law, all valves must be anti-scald, meaning they will not permit water to flow above a safe temperature. Hot water of 160-degrees will burn someone within a half second!

Pressure-sensitive valves maintain the water temperature by slowing the flow of cold or hot water, such as when someone flushes a toilet or turn on the hot water in the room or another part of the house. The fluctuation in hot or cold water is sensed and the ‘other’ water flow is slowed to an output of +-3 degrees, meaning the pressure or volume of water coming out of the faucet or showerhead is lower and cannot be controlled.  Provides up to 10 gpm.

Thermostatic valves control the water temperature to +-1 degree by mixing the hot and cold water and pushing it by piston to the faucet/showerhead.  Provides up to 17 gpm and is most often used on systems with several delivery units such as a static with a handheld showerhead; or a body spray.

Digital thermostatic valves manufactured by several companies work with spa-like units with music and lighting, and several delivery units.

Transfer valves operate in a spa-designed set-up to direct the water to one or up to two of the delivery units.  Used in conjunction with pressure-sensitive or thermostatic valves.

Diverter valves control the flow of water to only one of the water delivery units, such as out the handheld showerhead and not the static head or faucet.

Volume control valves permit volume and pressure of the water output to be controlled on the delivery units, such as the showerheads, handhelds or body sprays.

Showerheads / Components

Single-function showerheads supply water at a consistent output mode.

Multi-function showerheads supply water at a variety of output modes, such as an invigorating spray, or relaxing rain. Controls for directing the water output are in the head.

Ceiling-mounted showerheads will deliver water from overhead — from the ceiling — in a variety of intensities, most frequently as a gentle rain.

Handheld showerheads deliver water from the output faucet through a hose to the head that is mounted on a railing in conjunction with a static head or on a hook integral to the unit. Handheld heads are convenient for cleaning the shower, for short or taller individuals. Single function or multi-function units are available.

Body Sprays are mounted on the wall and deliver water to various sections of the body. Water output may be at different intensities.

Drains, usually 2-inches, may need to be larger depending on the number and output of the shower experience. Larger drains are available for directing the used water to the drainpipe.

Cost Considerations

Complexity and functionality forms the major portion of the cost. A showerhead with a pressure-sensitive valve is the least expensive option. Add body sprays, a handheld showerhead, and ¾-inch pipe may have to be installed to the hot water heater.

Professional installation, if needed, is another large expense.

Valves - pressure-sensitive valves are much less expensive than thermostatic valves and the less expensive option may be appropriate in simple shower set-ups. If multi-delivery units are used, a thermostatic valve will be needed to supply the amount of water desired for the experience.

Getting Started

Buying a toilet can seem like an easy task - until you go to the shop and try to buy one. There are multiple types of toilets with different features and designs that are necessary to understand before you make a purchase.

What to Consider

While there are the esthetic aspects of the feel and comfort of the toilet you will want to consider, also shape, size and type are important to ensure it will be a good fit for your home and the style of your home. There is also the ‘green’ aspect or efficiency aspect to consider when making such a purchase.  Some toilets can save gallons of water per flush, which really makes a big difference at the end of the year is cost savings and also the impact on the environment.

Types of Toilets

Close Coupled:  Close coupled toilets are the most common, the easiest to install and the cheapest of them all. They come in a wide range of designs and colors. The biggest advantage of these toilets is that the cistern and the pan are sold as one unit. They are easy to shop. Besides, all pipes are concealed within the unit, so close coupled toilets always look streamlined.

Back-to-Wall:  Back-to-wall toilets are similar to the previous type because they are also sold as one unit. The difference is that both a pan and a cistern of a back-to-wall toilet sit flush against the wall. With these toilets, you don't need to clean the back of the toilet and they look more sophisticated than close coupled toilets. You can easily access the cistern if you need to perform repairs.

Wall Faced Toilets:  Wall faces toilets are similar to the previous type but the cistern is concealed. You can install the cistern within the cabinet or a wall to achieve a seamless look perfect for modern homes with contemporary designs. They are great if you have a small bathroom, but sometimes you need to buy a cistern separately. Those models that come with the cistern that is built into the wall make use of space in the bathroom and create clean lines.

Wall Hung Toilets:  Wall hung toilets feature the same design as wall faced toilets but these are raised from the floor. They can create an even greater sense of space and add a modern touch to your bathroom. These are easy to maintain and clean down the sides and underneath so you can better clean the whole bathroom. The biggest advantage is that you can adjust the height of the toilet for your specific needs. It is extremely useful for people with limited mobility.

One Piece versus Two Piece:  Many people prefer one piece toilets over two piece toilets. One of the most important advantages of one piece models is their simple installation. A two piece toilet needs more knowledge, time and hardware for installation, and the cost of a plumber could be even more expensive than buying and installing the one piece toilet.  The chances of leaks are more or less the same in both toilets. Therefore, if you are on a budget, a one piece may seem a better option.

Key Features

Efficiency:  For example, a standard toilet consumes 1.5 gallons of water per flush. There are modern toilets with the dual flush feature that consume less than one gallon per flush. These models often have the WaterSense label which confirms their high efficiency. If you think about low-term consequences, buying a toilet that consumes less water is worth it.

Rebates:  Speaking of efficient toilets, it is not only reducing the amount of money you pay as water bills, it will earn you money on rebates. You can check whether your environmental conservation authority offers the facility and claim on it by getting a modern toilet.

Flush Type:  Even though there are mostly single and dual flush type toilets on the market, different manufacturers implement their own designs. Many people prefer getting dual flush toilets. They are more expensive but contribute immensely to water conservation because they use different types of flushes to flush different waste.

Flushing Noise:  If you are buying the toilet to your ensuite bathroom, flushing noise should be one of the key considerations. Certain toilets have advanced features and are efficient, and they can flush everything down easily. However, the force of water gives rise to a loud noise that is not suitable for a quiet bathroom. So pay careful attention to this point before you buy anything.

Floor-Mount versus Wall-Mount Toilets:  The vast majority of modern toilets are plumbed through the floor. However, wall-mount models are plumbed through the wall, which means the wall must be thicker to hold the weight of the toilet. Moreover, you may need to open the wall where the tank is located in order to repair the toilet. However, these toilets are easier to clean and provide a better look to your bathroom.

Pressure-Assisted versus Gravity-Feed Toilets:  In a gravity-feed toilet, water moves waste down the drain by dropping from the tank. These models usually flush more quietly and work longer. In a pressure-assisted toilet, the pressure that pushes the waste out is created by the water that displaces air within the tank. They are often pretty noisy but more efficient.

Bowl Height and Shape:  Bowl shape determines the overall level of comfort and the design the toilet has. Therefore, the decision is up to preferences of a certain individual but an elongated bowl is the most common. It is considered the most comfortable for adults because it allows them to conveniently place their thighs.

When you measure toilets from the floor to the top of the bowl they are 14 to 15 inches high. This is suitable for many applications but some people may need a taller bowl. There are toilets that go up to 20 inches and it is useful for everyone with challenges when it comes to sitting on the toilet.

However, if your bathroom is small, then you do not have a lot of choice than a round shaped bowl. It helps the toilet to be small and compact and doesn't harm the level of comfort. Thus, it is better to choose a toilet based on a space it takes. If the bathroom is small, buying a large toilet will not be convinient.

Toilet Seat:  One of the most important features to consider when shopping for a new toilet is to determine whether you need a slow closing toilet seat. Expensive models have this to eliminate the banging and damage that happen from toilet slamming, thus these models are quieter and safer.
If you look for the best of toilet seats, you will want to get a bidet toilet seat. This is a heated seat that will enhance your cleanliness with a stream of warm water. Some models also provide a warm air drying so you can be paperless.

Height:  Height is one of the most important considerations you need to make. Some of them are too high for you while others are so low that your knees may hurt. This is a common problem when you shop for toilet online because different manufacturers make completely different models. To avoid the problem, search for the ADA certified toilet.

Size:  The toilet can have an outstanding design and efficient water consumption, but if it is not the right size for your bathroom, then you would not make the right purchase. So make sure to take all the measurements right, especially if you have a small bathroom and you will not get a downsized or oversized toilet.

Cleaning:  Everyone who does not enjoy cleaning the toilet daily should take this into consideration. That is why manufacturers have implemented multiple features to help you with cleaning. Some of the most expensive models have smooth and glossy surfaces to help cleaning faster and minimize dirtying.

Appearance:  Older and less expensive models are less classy and may not be suitable for a modern bathroom. However, there are a lot of newer models that are not only beautiful but also boastful when it comes to advanced features. They also come in a variety of colors and materials to choose from. So getting a pink or a blue toilet is easy.

Cost Considerations

According to studies, toilets represent up to 30% of residential water use. Therefore, to limit the water consumption, the US Government issued the law stating that toilers cannot use more than 1.6 gallons per flush. So when you shop for a toilet, you want to check for its water efficiency and the flushing power.

Quite often, the budget decides the toilet model a buyer is going to get. Even though the budget is one of the top considerations, but it is not enough to make an ultimate decision. There are a lot of toilets in any price range, so do not settle for anything that does not meet your needs.

While it is entirely possible to make a blind purchase and hope for the best, these are the most important points that you should be looking for. Begin your search only after you discover what suits you the most.

Getting Started

Refreshing, relaxing or stimulating, a bath is still a desired means of hygiene. The size, type and style of the bathtub can enhance the experience! Bathtubs are the preferred venue for cleaning children, and even pets, and sometimes for items of clothing or household goods. The tub must be large enough to serve the home’s members and their purpose.

What to Consider

Purpose: If it is a means of hygiene only, then simple tub will do. But, if the tub will be used for massage after a work-out, or relaxation after a harried day of work and commuting, then an extra deep or whirlpool should be considered.

Location in the Home: A family bathroom, in which children or older adults will utilize the tub, would suggest a not-too-deep tub for easy access and use; or look at a walk-in tub for adults and even teenagers who may be injured in sports.  A master bathroom may suggest a larger tub, even one built for two persons, that will provide a spa-like experience.

Size of Bathroom: The space available may eliminate some types and styles, such as stand-alone units, or whirlpools that require extra plumbing, motors and electrical access for sound or lights.

Water Heater Size: Tubs will consume 25 gallons to 150 gallons during use. Ascertain if the Water Heater will provide the desired temperature for the bath.

Floor Supports: Calculate the weight of the tub (cast iron is heavy) and the weight of the water in the tub, and the weight of the bather(s) to make sure the floor  will support the weight.

Budget: A bathtub can range from $400 to $40,000 — depending upon the material from which it is constructed, the size of the unit, and the accessories. Consider carefully how frequently a whirlpool may be used and the cost when making a decision.

Materials

Acrylic is molded into a variety of tub shapes and sized. When reinforced with fiberglass, the tub price will increase. Acrylic will hold the water heat longer than some other materials. Does not chip and scratches can be polished out. Available in a variety of colors, acrylic tubs are the most popular and priced in the affordable range.

Fiberglass reinforced plastic tubs are lightweight an often feel flexible. While the least expensive, the topcoat will scratch and fade more easily than other materials.  

Porcelain on Steel tubs are made by stamping steel into shapes and coating them with enamel. Easy to clean, these tubs are also inexpensive, but more durable than other materials, although if the enamel is chipped, the steel will rust.

Cultured Marble tubs are created by molding resin with limestone into the size and style desired. A gelcoat finish makes it easy to clean. Mid-range priced.

Cast Iron tubs are heavier than other materials, but are very durable. The enamel coating over the iron is easy to clean and maintains the water temperature for a long time.  Cast Iron tubs are available in a variety of colors and shapes. Prices run in the mid to upper range, depending on the size, style and accessories.

Solid Surface tubs are made to provide a consistent look with the sink and/or the vanity countertop. These tubs may be heavy, but they maintain the water temperature and are easy to clean. Prices are on the higher end.

Copper tubs are extremely expensive and provide an aesthetic unparalleled by other materials. Expect to find these in stand-alone units to show off the material and color. Maintenance is not required, other than a wiping out after use, since copper is mold and stain resistant.

Stone or Wood tubs are carved from a solid piece and are extremely expensive. The weight also can pose a problem. The stone and wood will be sealed to make it waterproof.

Types

Alcove tubs fit on three sides into an alcove that also will hold the shower. A front apron extends to the floor. Choose a left or right hand alcove tub, depending upon the drain location, which will be on the same side as the faucet and showerhead.

Drop In tubs fit into the floor or into a platform surrounding the unit. They are easy to get into and out of for children or older adults due to the platform surrounding the tub. The tub rim extends over the floor or platform, but the tub is supported underneath.

Undermount tubs also are installed into a platform, but the tub lip is hidden under the platform material. Support is maintained from underneath.

Corner tubs are space-saving or designed for more than one person. Located into a two-wall corner area, they are triangular in shape.

Freestanding tubs do not require walls for installation, but usually need more space to accommodate the tub and through the floor or through the wall plumbing. Created in myriad designs and shapes, freestanding units often are deeper for soaking. A claw foot tub is a freestanding top set onto claw-like feet. These are installed in older homes with a specific design.

Whirlpool tubs are Drop Ins or Alcove types containing strategically located jets that force recycled water onto specific body parts to provide a massage. The tub will require extra piping for recirculating the water, electrical outlets for running a motor, and additional space for the motor location. Also, whirlpool tubs may include music outlets and lighting for chromatherapy.

Air Massage tubs are drop ins or alcove types with small jets that forces air into the water for a soothing massage.

Walk-In tubs are designed with openings in the apron of the tub to permit access into a deeper tub. Walk-Ins are expensive due to creating a water-tight door in the apron. These tubs require the bather to remain in the tub until the water drains below the door opening. May contain whirlpool or air massage features.

Size & Shape

Rectangular is the common size of a bathtub, but the height, width and depth can vary. Apron tubs will fit into alcoves and can be found in lengths of 48-inches, 60-inches, 66-inches and 72-inches. Widths run from 30-inches, to 32-inches, 36-inches, 42-inches and 48-inches. Depths can be as low as 14-inches and 17/18-inches to 20-inches and 25-inches.

Corner (triangular) tubs can be as small as 48-inches by 48-inches with a depth of 19-inches; 60-inches by 60-inches and 24-inches deep, or 72-inches by 72-inches and 20-inches deep. The measure of a corner unit also must be taken across the full length, such as the base of a triangle, not just along the walls into which it will be installed.

Freestanding  tubs will be shaped as rectangular, oval, hour glass and range from 50-inches to 60-inches, 66-inches and 72-inches in length; 24-inches, 30-inches, 30-inches, 32-inches and 36-inches wide. Depths range from 20, 24, and 26-inches to 30-inches.

Drop Ins, including air massage and whirlpools, may be rectangular or even square, hourglass, oval and almost round and range from 48-inches to 60-inches to 72-inches in length, and 32-inches to 48-inches to 60-inches in width. Depths from 22-inches to 36-inches.

Walk Ins run standard from 48-inches to 60-inches long; 28, 30 and 32-inches wide and 38-inches deep.

Cost Considerations

Material is a large part of the cost, with the metal, stone and wood being extremely expensive and with fiberglass and acrylic in the lower price range.

Type and Size of the tub are the next considerations to impact upon the price. Apron/Alcove tubs are priced least expensive with whirlpool and air massage tubs increasing the tub. The more features, the larger the unit, the more it will cost. If electrical hookups are required to operate the tub, factor those into the price. Also, Freestanding tubs will require plumbing external to the unit, which will add to the cost, unless the plumbing is already installed.

Installation by a professional plumber will increase the cost, but may be required by building codes in the municipality.

Getting Started

Do you know that those luxurious, relaxing showers that you enjoy taking can actually hurt your house? Humidity and moisture create a perfect ground for mildew and mold which significantly damage building materials such as wood framing and drywall, not to mention the damage to your health that they can make.

What to Consider

The good news is that you can get a bath fan heater that will remove moisture, mold spores, odors and everything that can lead to problems. Sometimes, these heaters are required by building codes (for example, when you don't have an operable window).

There are also many different sizes and types to choose from depending on the consumers preferences.  Other aspects to consider are the noise level and the efficiency of the unit.  The more efficient the product, the more money you can save in energy costs each year.

Bath Fan Heater Sizing

You will get the right amount of ventilation in your bathroom if you choose the right size of the fan. You should search for CFMs, or cubic feet per minute, as it indicates the ability of a fan to move air. Small heaters can't generate a lot of CFMs and are perfect for small bathrooms. Respectively, larger fans that generate higher CFMs are better for larger bathrooms. The Home Ventilating Institute has published recommendations and guidelines that everyone can check in order to pick the right size. However, there is a simple rule that you should follow.

•  One square foot in the bathroom should have at least 1 CFM:  For example, if your bathroom is 50 square feet, get a heater with 50 CFMs to achieve the optimal ventilation. Bathrooms larger than 100 square feet should follow these recommendations:
•  Add 50 CFMs for a toilet
•  Add 50 CFMs for every shower plus bath combination

Types of Fan Bath Heaters

Portable fan heaters:
Portable heaters are the lightest and can quickly heat up or cool down the room. They are also easy to operate - you just take it out of the box, plug in and this is it. However, cheap models can be noisy.

Convector portable fan heaters:
These are very tall but also light and thin - it's easy to move them around. Like the previous type, they heat up quickly but they are less noisy. Convector portable fan heaters are wall-mountable, which means you can put them out of the way. Of course, you will find instructions in a box with a heater but you should be prepared to drill holes in the walls.

Oil-filled portable fan heaters:
Oil-filled portable fan heaters are pretty slow to heat up but they are cheap to run. However, almost all models are heavy so look for those that have wheels as it makes easier to move them around.

Electric Wall Fan Heaters:
Energy efficient, easy-to-install and safe, these heaters can be mounted into a wall. They are often located far from sinks and bathtubs and there is no risk of electrocution. Besides, they are also fairly cheap. If you have a small bathroom, this could be one of the best choices.

Infrared Fan Heaters:
These heaters use infrared radiation, thus they are pretty cheap. They also help people who suffer Seasonal Affective Disorder during cold winter months. Bear in mind that you should keep these fan heaters away from the water.

Ceiling-mounted Fan Heaters:
Ceiling-mounted Fan Heaters are perfect for homeowners who want a permanent fan heater - these heaters don't clutter the room. This type of fan heaters is pretty safe as it is mounted on the ceiling.

Floor Fan Heaters:
Floor Fan Heaters are placed between special mesh mats under bathroom tiles. They prevent home owners from freezing off their toes on the bath floor again. They consume the same amount of electricity as a 300W light bulb, thus they don't add up to the electric bill. However, they are more expensive than others. People who want to renovate the bathroom and have a budget for it should consider this option.

The Most Important Features

Some fan heaters have advanced features such as the remote control for turning the device on and off from anywhere in the room or an LCD display that shows temperature. The most expensive models can also have a fan heater timer that is used to turn the heater on before you wake up or get back home so you don't have to wait for the heater to warm up. Many models also feature frost protection, which means that these heaters can work even when the temperature is below five degrees.

Climate control:
With this feature, a fan heater will heat up or cool down the room and when the comfortable temperature is reached, the heater will remain this temperature in the room.

Noise Level:
Some cheap models can sound like jet engines; these models will retract you from enjoying a relaxing escape that is your bathroom. As you search for a bath fan heater, you will always want to consider noise level and choose quiet models.  Bath fan heater sound is measured in sones.

A sone refers to a measure of sound as it related to how the sound is sensed by an average person. For example, one sone is like a quiet hum of a fridge in the kitchen at night. If you search for a quiet bath fan heater, choose a sone rating of two or one. Fans rated at four sones are noisier, while fans rate at five sones is not suitable for a bathroom.

Efficiency:
Before you buy the heater, make sure that it meets qualifications for low wattage consumption, low sound emission, and have an efficient performance under static pressure. You can also get a model that has a motion sensor to help you make sure it works only when needed.

The Power of the Bath Fan Heater

Another important thing to consider is the power of the bath fan heater. High power, which is measured in kilowatts, will be more suitable for heating bigger rooms. If you have a small bathroom, a low-power, quality portable heater (no more than 2 kW, for example) will do the job - and it is cheaper to run. However, sometimes the claimed power of the bath fan heater is not what is seems. Some models don't match the power they state on the box. It means you can buy a model that seems fine and then end up shivering in a cold bathroom. The only way to find out if you get the power that you pay for is to test the heater.

Common Dangers to Using the Bath Fan Heater

Unsurprisingly, bath fan heaters can get hot. However, if you read the instructions and use the heater accordingly, they are safe devices. Many models have a carry handle for moving them around, and they also have a safety cut out feature - you can switch off the heater if it gets hot. Never cover the heater up, never place anything on it, because it will increase the risk of fire. More expensive models also have a tilt protection feature - if the heater falls down it automatically switches off. This feature is necessary if you have a large dog or kids.

The design of bath fan heaters:  The cheapest heaters aren't the most fashionable devices, but some of the advanced models have a lot of colors and designs to choose from. Some of them have futuristic looks, others look modern or minimalistic to suit your bathroom.

How to position the bath fan heater:  In order to heat or cool down the bathroom, bath fan heaters need an inflow of air. Sometimes, more expensive models have inflow vents on the top or bottom. But if the model has a vent on the back (like the vast majority of the models), don't place it against the wall. Besides, oil-filled heaters should be placed in the middle of the room - when the room has a comfortable temperature, you can move it out of the way. Convector bath fan heaters can be placed anywhere.

Cost Considerations

Bath fan heaters can cost you as little as $15 for the cheapest model all the way up to $500 for more advanced models with many features. However, many manufacturers produce cheaper heaters - you will easily find a lot of models in the $15-$100 price range. More expensive models often have better designs and feature advanced safety. But you don't have to spend several hundreds to get a model that works efficiently and quietly. According to bath fan heater tests, there are models that cost $60 that can beat more expensive models.

Before choosing a bath fan heater, you should make sure you will get the one that is adequate for the size of the room. You will also want to consider your needs and wants with regard to features and noise level so that you will get the most for your budget.